|
|
| INTRODUCTION |
Revolutions |
Related items |
dictionary1 dictionary2 glossary mining-terms terms
bibliography
atlas
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ICS Rationale
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[pdf]
a00 Prologue a0
SCIENCE AND HISTORICAL GEOLOGY
a01 Science and
common sense a1
a02 The earth's
age makes for an historical geology a2
a03 The Gaia
metaphor a3
a04 Fossils a4
a05 Fossil and
living organisms are related a5
a06 Geology
defined a6
a07 Physical
geology and historical geology a7
MINERALS AND ROCKS
a08 Minerals and
mineraloids a8
a09 Chemical
bonds a9
a10
Physical properties of common rock forming minerals a10
a11 Rocks a11
a12
Classification of igneous rocks a12
a13
Classification of sedimentary rocks a13
a14
Classification of metamorphic rocks a14
UNIFORMITARIANISM
a15 Paradigm of
the natural sciences a15
GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES
a16 Emergence in
physical systems a16
a17 The rock
cycle a17
a18
Classification of geological processes a18
GEOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
a19 Three
fundamental stratigraphical principles due to Steno a19
a20 Unconformities interpreted by Steno a20
a21
Two fundamental geological principles due to Hutton a21
a22
Unconformities interpreted by Hutton a22
a23 Powell (1875)
a23
a24 The work of
rivers a24
a25 Rates of
bedrock incision by rivers a25
FORMATIONS AND SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
a26 What was
neptunism? a26
a27 What was
plutonism? a27
a28 Lyell's
influence (legacy) beginning in 1830 a28
a29 Actualism
a29
a30 Percepts,
precepts a30
a31 Why we could
forget Leonardo, as a geologist, but not Werner a31
a32 A catch
phrase definition for uniformitarianism a32
|
(philosophical,
procedural,
technical)
Formational mappingFossils are organic
Uniformitarianism
Processes
Principles |
(discuss,
illustrate,
demonstrate)
The great age of the earth
Gaia
Minerals and rocks
Hooke
Prospecting
Mining
Werner
Steno
Hutton
Siccar Point
The rock cycle
|
|
|
| THE GREAT ICE
AGE |
Revolutions |
Related items |
QUATERNARY GEOLOGY
b01 Historical
time and prehistory b1
b02 The Recent
b2
b03 The Little
Ice Age and before b3
b04 Is the sun
constant? b4
b05 Volcanism and
climate b5
b06 Extinct Stone
Age animals b6METHODOLOGY
b07 Agassiz of
the Ice b7
b08 The
Quaternary subdivided into the Holocene and Pleistocene Epochs
b8
b09 Laws and
principles b9
b10 The
Scientific Method b10
b11 Theories and
discovered facts b11
b12 Occam’s
razor b12
b13 de Geer's
test of the Great Ice Age b13
b14 Post glacial
uplift b14
b15 The once four
named Pleistocene Glacial Stages b15
b16 Pleistocene
climatic history recorded in marine sediments b16
b17 Lasting
landscape features due to Pleistocene glaciation b17
b18 Ice margin
lakes b18
b19 Channeled
scablands of eastern Washington b19
b20 Pluvial lakes
b20
b21 Periglacial
loess and dune sand b21
b22 Submarine
valleys, submarine canyons b22
b23 Pleistocene
ice sheets in the hemispheres b23
b24 Palinology
b24
b25 Oxygen
isotopes measurements b25
b26 Plankton
as temperature indicators b26
b27 Chronology of
climatic change during the last deglaciation of the Ice Age b27
b28 Greenland
icecores and North Atlantic deepsea cores b28
b29 The Eemian
b29
b30 Present
concerns about the climate b30
b31 Extinctions
of the New World megafauna b31
b32 Causes of the
Ice Ages b32
b33 The
Milankovitch insolation hypothesis for climatic cycles b33
b34 An orbital
cycle b34
b35 Historical
geology is not physical geology b35
THE EMERGENCE OF HUMANS
b36 Hominin
classification b36
b37 Cro-Magnon
b37
b38 Did
Paleoamericans arrive by sea? b38
b39 Homo
sapiens neanderthalensis and archaic Homo sapiens b39
b40 To grunt or
chat b40
b41 Homo
erectus b41
b42 The Oldowan
industry b42
b43 Tool
makers b43
b44
Australopithecenes b44
b44b Australopithecus
ramidus
b45 Mediterranean
evaporites b45
|
(philosophical,
procedural,
technical)The Great Ice Age
Scientific method
Isotope geology
Milankovitch theory
Prehistoric humans |
(discuss,
illustrate,
demonstrate)Agassiz
de Geer
Gilbert
Multiple working hypotheses
Climatic indicators
Bretz
Eustacy
Post-glacial uplift
Insolation
Cro-Magnon
Neanderthals
H. erectus
Australopithecines
|
|
|
| MAKING SENSE OF
THE ROCK RECORD |
Revolutions |
Related items |
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AS ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
c01 Beds and
strata as readable records c1
c02 Clast size
and turbulence c2
c03 The origin of
till,outwash, varved clay, and loess c3
c04 The origin of
micrites and oolites c4
c05 Tidal flats
and sabkhas c5
c06 The dolomite
problem c6
c07 Organic reefs
indicate a warm water marine environment c7
c08 Pelagic
deposits c8
c09 Bedding-plane
features c9
c10 Through going
disturbance of beds c10
c11 Fossilization
c11
c11b “A phantom
image of the animal"THE GEOLOGICAL COLUMN
c12 Formations
c12
c13 Stratigraphy
c13
c14 Facies
c14
c15
Walther’s principle c15
c16 Geologic
systems c16
c17 William
"Strata" Smith (1769-1839) c17
c18 Index fossils
are few c18
c19
Unconformities c19
c20 The standard
geologic column c20
c21 Darwin
decides against becoming a geologist
c21
c22 Eras and Eons
c22
c23 Stratigraphic
units and time c23
c24 Reading
geological maps and sections
|
(philosophical,
procedural,
technical)Fossil succession |
(discuss,
illustrate,
demonstrate)Smith
The geologic column
|
|
|
| THE FAMILIAR
WORLD DEVELOPS |
Revolutions |
Related items |
PLATE TECTONICS
d01 Earth
within d1
d02 Earth’s figure and weight
d2
d03 Seismology
d3
d04 Crust,
mantle, and core d4
d05 Detailed
upper mantle structure d5
d06 Lithosphere,
asthenosphere, mesosphere d6
d07 Plate
tectonic theory d7
d08 Divergent
plate boundaries d8
d09 Rift valleys
and triple junctions d9
d10 Convergent
plate boundaries d10
d11
Transform-fault plate boundaries d11
d12
Oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, and cont.-cont.
d12CENOZOIC
GEOLOGY
d13 Recognition
of Cenozoic sediments d13
d14 Cenozoic
correlations d14
d15 Cenozoic
epochs d15
d16 Cenozoic
climatic proxies d16
d17 Cenozoic
mammal fossils d17
d18 Grasses,
Palms d18
d19 Subdivision
of the Cenozoic into Neogene and Paleogene
d19
d20 Cenozoic
Sedimentary sequences d20
PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES
d21 Geomorphology
d21
d22 Neotectonics
d22
d23 The Neogene
scenery of North America d23
d24 Coast Ranges
and Insular Mountains d24
d25 Cascade Range
d25
d26 Columbia
River Plateau and Snake River Plain
d26
d27 Sierra Nevada
Mountains d27
d28 Basin and
Range province d28
d29
Colorado Plateau d29
d30 Rocky
Mountains d30
d31 Great Plains
and Central Lowlands d31
d32 The
Appalachian and Ouachita Mountains
d32
d33 Atlantic and
Gulf Coastal plains d33
|
(philosophical,
procedural,
technical)Davisian geomorphology
Plate tectonics (overview) |
(discuss,
illustrate,
demonstrate)Physiographic provinces
Origin of mountains
Subduction
Bowen's reaction series
|
|
|
| MAKING SENSE OF
THE FOSSIL RECORD |
Revolutions |
Related items |
LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION
e01 The
classification of organisms e1
e02 Fossil
classification e2
e03 Relatedness
of organisms e3
e04 Ecological
Groups e4PRINCIPLE OF PRIORITY
e05 The Plenary
Power Rule e5
BUFFON
e06 Belief in the
immutability of organisms e6
LAMARCK
e07 Life's
ramifying evolution from inanimate starting places
e7
e07a The giraffe's neck
e08 Tests of
inheritance of acquired characteristics hypothesis
e8
CUVIER
e09 Arguments
from comparative anatomy e9
e09a The dodo
DARWINIAN EVOLUTION
e10 Galpagos
Islands e10
e11 Darwin's
pigeons e11
e12 Artificial
selection and natural selection
e12
e13 Sexual
selection e13
e14 Coevolution
of unrelated species e14
e15 The reality
of evolution and the rock record
e15
EVOLUTIONARY PALEONTOLOGISTS
e16 Missing links
and gradualism e16
e17 Darwinian
thinking e17
e17a Evolution of sight
e18 So-called
laws of evolutionary biology e18
e19
Post-Darwinian thinking e19
|
(philosophical,
procedural,
technical)Comparative anatomy
Extinctions
Darwinian evolution |
(discuss,
illustrate,
demonstrate)Lamarck
Cuvier
Artificial and natural selection
|
|
|
| THE AGE OF
MAMMALS |
Revolutions |
Related items |
CENOZOIC HERBIVORES AND CARNIVORES
f01 Living
mammals are placentals (eutheria), marsupials, and monotremes f1
f01b A land bridge
hypothesis
f02
"Terror" birds f2
f03 Gliding and flying animals f3
f04
Modern carnivores,
fissipedes, and creodonts f4
f05 Herbivorous
mammals f5
f06
Perissodactyls f6
f07 Why not look
a gift horse in the mouth? f7
f08 Artiodactyls
f8
f09 What
advantage accrues to a cud-chewer? f9
f10 Whales
f10
f11 Early large
ungulates f11
f12 Elephants,
mammoths, and ancestral mastodons f12
f13 The
marsupials f13THE SYNTHETIC THEORY OF EVOLUTION
f14 Genes,
alleles f14
f15 Mitosis,
meiosis and mutations f15
f16 So what is
evolving? f16
f17 Divergent
evolution and speciation f17
f18 Asexual and
sexual organisms f18
f19 The
perpetuation of sex f19
f20 Uncoordinated
evolution f20
f21 Iterative
evolution f21
f22 Parallel and
convergent evolution f22
f23 Tree analysis
method of genetic variation in a species f23
f23b Molecular clocks
f24 Out-of-Africa
and multiregional hypotheses f24
f25 The genetic
test of species relationships f25
f26 Phyletic
gradualism f26
f27 Cyclical
evolution of developmental stages f27
f28 Punctuated
evolution f28
f29 Spatial or
distributional elements in speciation f29
f30
Wallace’s Line f30
f31 Biogeography f31
f32 Land bridges f32
f32b Mesic tundra
f32c Are we, by origin,
Panamanian?
f33 Biodiversity
within a species f33
f34 Emergence in
evolution f34
f35 Cladistics f35
f36 Phenetics
slips from prominence f36
f37 Hennig
terminology f37
f38 The effect of
including fossils in cladograms f38
|
(philosophical,
procedural,
technical)The synthetic theory of evolution
Cladistics |
(discuss,
illustrate,
demonstrate)Evolution of the mammals
Hennig
|
|
|
| PANGEA
RECONSTRUCTED |
Revolutions |
Related items |
SEAFLOOR SPREADING AND OCEAN BASINS
g01 Jigsaw puzzle
fit of the continents g1
g02 Hess'
hypothesis of seafloor spreading g2
g03 Oceanic
sediments and seafloor spreading g3
g04 Remanent
magnetization polarity reversals g4
g05 Magnetic
anomalies parallel to and mirrored across oceanic ridges g5
g06 Aseismic
ridge and hot spot test of the seafloor spreading hypothesis g6
g06b Aseismic island
chain
g07 Lynn Sykes'
proof of seafloor spreading g7PLATE TECTONICS
g08 Kinematic
theory of plate tectonics g8
g09 Slope of
oceanic rises, atolls and guyots g9
g10 Plate
rotations g10
g11 Direct
measurement of plate movement g11
g12 Unraveling
the prehistory of Western America g12
g13 Continental
roots g13
g14 Dynamic
theory of plate tectonics g14
MESOZOIC GEOLOGY
g15 Mesozoic
Erathem and Era subdivisions g15
g16 Cretaceous
inundation g16
g17 Laramide and
Sevier orogenies g17
g18 Nevadan
orogeny g18
g19 Sonoma
orogeny g19
g20 Reversing
Atlantic ocean seafloor spreading g20
g21 Tertiary salt
domes of Late Jurassic salt g21
g22 Newark
supergroup g22
g23 Reversing
sea-floor spreading for the whole earth g23
g24 Aulacogens
g24
|
(philosophical,
procedural,
technical)Seafloor spreading
Hotspots
Magnetic reversals
Deepsea drilling |
(discuss,
illustrate,
demonstrate)Hess
Wilson
Vine
Atolls
Reconstruction of Pangea |
|
|
| THE AGE OF
REPTILES |
Revolutions |
Related items |
LIFE OF THE MESOZOIC ERA
h01 The Age of
Reptiles and mobility in the marine realm h1
h02 Angiosperms
appear h2
h03
Classification of the flowering plants h3
h04 How does
pollen differ from spore? h4
h05 Mesozoic
marine protists h5
h05b Dinoflagellates
h06 Mesozoic
reefs h6
h07 Mesozoic
echinoids h7
h08 Mesozoic
cephalopods h8
h09 Rapidly
evolving fish h9
h10 Salamanders
and frogs h10
h11 Mesozoic
aquatic reptiles h11
h12 Archosauria
h12
h13 Ornithischia
h13
h14 Saurischia
h14
h15 Were
dinosaurs ectotherms (cold-) or endotherms (warm-blooded)? h15
h16 The T.
rex Sue h16
h17 The descent
of birds h17
h18 Pterosaurs
(flying reptiles) h18
h19 The descent
of mammals h19
h20 Cuvier’s
identification of a marsupial in France h20
h21 Triassic
mammals replace cynodonts h21THE E-K BOUNDARY
h22 Extinction of
the dinosaurs h22
h23 The iridium
anomaly h23
h24 The Chicxulub
bolide crater h24
h25 Land animal
survivors of the end-Cretaceous mass extinctions h25
h26 Deccan traps
volcanism and E-K boundary extinctions h26
h27 Taphonomy h27
h28 Trace fossils
of dermistid beetles h28
h29 Extraordinary
preservation of DNA h29
h29b Extraordinary
preservation of land vertebrates just before the T-K boundary h29b
|
(philosophical,
procedural,
technical)K/T iridium anomaly
DNA in amber |
(discuss,
illustrate,
demonstrate)Dinosaurs
Taphonomy
|
|
|
| PANGEA |
Revolutions |
Related items |
WEGENER AND CONTINENTAL DRIFT
i01 Evidence that
continents float i1
i02 Explanations
of ocean basins i2
i03 Continental
drift i3
i04 Explanations
of geotecture i4
i05
Wegener’s geological evidence for Pangea i5
i06 Mountain
belts of Pangea that cut off at the coast of the present Atlantic i6
i07 Mammal-like
reptiles of Pangea i7
i08 The coals of
southern Pangea i8
i09 Carboniferous
tillites i9GONDWANA
i10
Wegener’s mechanism for continental drift i10
i11 du Toit i11
i12 The Karroo
System i12
i13 Drift versus
land bridges i13
i14 Tillite
compositions are evidence of continental drift i14
SOUTHERN LAURASIA
i15 The Permian
i15
i16 Pangean
intracontinental mountains i16
i17 Permian flora
of Southern Laurasia i17
i18 Early Permian
pelocosaurs i18
i19
Permo-Carboniferous coals of Southern Laurasia i19
i20 The first
reptiles i20
i21 The amniote
egg i21
i22 Which came
first the chicken or the egg? i22
END PERMIAN EXTINCTIONS
i23 Life’s
greatest crisis i23
|
(philosophical,
procedural,
technical)Continental Drift theory (history of)
Isostasy
Paleoclimatology |
(discuss,
illustrate,
demonstrate)Wegener
duToit
Mesosaurus
Glacial striations
Hypsometric curve
Gravity anomalies
Tillites
Glossopteris
Cyclothems
Pelycosaurs
Mammal-like reptiles
|
|
|
| PALEOCONTINENTS |
Revolutions |
Related items |
J01 Before Pangea
j1
J02 Remanent
magnetizations in igneous and sedimentary rocks j2APPARENT
PALEOMAGNETIC POLAR WANDERING
J03 The
paleomagnetic pole j3
OLD RED SANDSTONE PALEOCONTINENT
J04 Mississippian
geology of the ORS paleocontinent j4
J05 Devonian
geology of the ORS paleocontinent j5
J06 Antler,
Acadian and Caladonian orogenies j6
J07 End Devonian
marine extinctions j7
FROM SEA TO LAND
PLANTS
J08
Late Devonian Gilboa forest j8
J09 Late Devonian
vegetated hillslopes j9
J10 The diplobionic
life cycle of spore-shedding higher plants j10
J10b Fossil record of
the spore shedding higher plants
J11 The first
land plants j11
LAND ARTHROPODS
J12
Life style of the first land arthropods j12
J12b The first
chitinous animals in plant debris
FISH
J13 The Age of
Fishes j13
J14 Varieties of
fishes j14
J15 The first
bony fish j15
J16 Fish with
lungs j16
AMPHIBIANS
J17 Did
labyrinthodonts evolve from lung fish or crossopterygians? j17
LAURENTIA
J18 Laurentia j18
J19 Generalized
concept of a craton j19
J20 Geosynclinal
theory j20
J21 Silurian j21
J22 Continental
margins, cratons, orogenic belts in terms of plate tectonics j22
J23 The Wilson
cycle j23
J24 Cycles of
sedimentation j24
J25 Ordovician
Laurentia: Tippecanoe inundation and Taconic orogeny j25
J26 The vagaries
of evolution j26
J27 Ordovician
life does not move onto the land j27
J27b A rootless plant with
subterranean root-like leaves
J28 Cambrian
Laurentia j28
J29 The first
wave of Paleozoic fauna j29
J30 The Age of
Marine Invertebrates j30
J31 Conodont zones j31
J32 The
importance of the Burgess Shale j32
J33 Fossil
Lagersttten j33
J34 The Cambrian
explosion j34
J34b The Tommotian fauna
J35 Emergence of
the vertebrates j35
J36 Oil and gas
j36
|
(philosophical,
procedural,
technical)Apparent polar wandering
Remote sensing via satellites
Time-transgressive formations
Facies
Sequence stratigraphy
Zittel's handbook of paleontology |
(discuss,
illustrate,
demonstrate)
Runcorn
G.P.S
Absolute motions of the plates
Hall
Walther
Sloss
Life's move from sea to land.
|
|
|
| PROTOCONTINENTS |
Revolutions |
Related items |
RADIOMETRIC DATING
k01 Precambrian
time k1
k02 Absolute
geologic time k2
k03
Rearrangements of the Periodic Table k3
k04 Radioactive
and stable Isotopes k4
k05 Radiometric
absolute age calculation k5
k06 Kelvin’s
criticism of geology is negated k6
k07 Pioneer
radioactive dating methods k7
k07b The approximate
radioactive decay formula
k08 The special
case of Carbon-14 dating k8
k09 The
geological column is transformed into a geological time scale k9
k10 Units of
absolute geologic time k10
k11 Subdivisions
of Precambrian time k11
k12 The
Proterozoic Eon k12LATE PROTEROZOIC ERA
k13 The snowball
earth hypothesis k13
k14 Ediacaran
fossils k14
k15 Stromatolite
heyday k15
k16 The
pre-Phanerozoic metazoans k16
k17 Acritarchs
k17
MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC ERA
k18 Beltian
sediments k18
k19 The
Mid-Continent Rift k19
k20 The Grenville
orogenic belt k20
k21 Proterozoic
anorthosites k21
k22 The roots of
Phanerozoic metazoans k22
k23 Proterozoic
microfossils k23
k24 The origin of
eukaryotes k24
k25 Stability
favors obligatory symbiosis k25
EARLY PROTEROZOIC ERA
k26 Superior-type
banded iron formation k26
k27 Huronian
series k27
k28 The hydrogen
hypothesis for the first eukaryote k28
STRUCTURAL PROVINCES
k29 The Canadian
Shield k29
k30 Geochronology
by radiometric decay k30
k31 Great Lakes
isotopic age provinces k31
k32 Radiometric
subdivision of the Proterozoic in North America k32
k33 Evidence of
protocontinents k33
k34 Evidence of
supercontinents k34
k35 The
supercontinent cycle k35
k36 Calculation
of durations between the existence of supercontinents k36
PLATE TECTONICS AND OCCURRENCE OF ORES
k37 Metallogenic
epochs k37
k38 Metallogenic
provinces k38
|
(philosophical,
procedural,
technical)
Radiometric dating
Geochemistry
Microfossils in chert
Phosphatization
Symbiosis |
(discuss,
illustrate,
demonstrate)Geologic time scale
Sedimentary ores
Barghoorn
Mller
Eukaryotes |
|
|
| ARCHEAN AND
HADEAN EONS |
Revolutions |
Related items |
THE ARCHEAN
L01 Andrew
Lawson’s great discovery L1
L02 Archean
terrains L2
L03 Archean
structural provinces L3
L04 Subdivision
of the Archean L4
L05 Late Archean
plate tectonics L5
L06 Early Archean
plate tectonics L6
L07 The oldest
rocks of the Archean L7ARCHEAN LIFE
L08 Archean
fossils L8
L09 Chemofossils
L9
THE HADEAN
L10 The first
half-billion years record L10
L11 The
selenologic column and time scale L11
L12 The
“Eagle” has landed L12
L13 The maria L13
L14 The terrae
L14
L15 Great
meteorite bombardment L15
L16 Impact origin
of the moon L16
L17 Meteorites
L17
L18 Meteorite
samples of Mars L18
L19 The
uniqueness of Earth’s plate tectonics L19
L20 Early Hadean
L20
HADEAN LIFE
L21 Whence
bacteria? L21
L22 The ‘RNA
world’ hypothesis L22
L23 Miller's
1950s experiment L23
L24 Wchtershuser’s hypothesis L24
finis |
(philosophical,
procedural,
technical)Planetology and Moon landings
Genetic engineering
Geothermal vent life |
(discuss,
illustrate,
demonstrate)Acidic oceans
Rare quartz sandstones
Pyrite pebbles
Prokaryotes
Miller |